适用于 PowerShell 5.1 及以上版本
压缩和归档是运维中的高频操作——日志归档、配置备份、发布包分发、数据迁移。PowerShell 5.0 引入了 Compress-Archive 和 Expand-Archive 命令，让压缩操作无需依赖第三方工具。对于更高级的需求（如加密压缩、分卷压缩、tar.gz），可以通过 .NET 类实现。
本文将讲解 PowerShell 中的压缩与归档操作，涵盖日常备份和高级场景。
ZIP 基础操作 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 $logFiles = Get-ChildItem "C:\Logs" -Filter "*.log" -Recurse | Where-Object { $_ .LastWriteTime -gt (Get-Date ).AddDays(-7 ) } Compress-Archive -Path $logFiles .FullName -DestinationPath "C:\Backup\logs-$ (Get-Date -Format 'yyyyMMdd').zip" -Force Write-Host "已压缩 $ ($logFiles .Count) 个日志文件" -ForegroundColor GreenExpand-Archive -Path "C:\Backup\logs-20250717.zip" -DestinationPath "C:\Temp\extracted-logs" -Force Write-Host "已解压到 C:\Temp\extracted-logs" -ForegroundColor GreenCompress-Archive -Path "C:\Logs\today.log" -Update -DestinationPath "C:\Backup\logs-20250717.zip" Write-Host "已追加文件到压缩包" -ForegroundColor Green$zip = [System.IO.Compression.ZipFile ]::OpenRead("C:\Backup\logs-20250717.zip" )Write-Host "ZIP 内容（$ ($zip .Entries.Count) 个文件）：" -ForegroundColor Cyan$zip .Entries | Select-Object FullName, Length, LastWriteTime | Format-Table -AutoSize $zip .Dispose()$dirs = Get-ChildItem "C:\Projects" -Directory foreach ($dir in $dirs ) { $zipPath = "C:\Backup\projects\$ ($dir .Name).zip" Compress-Archive -Path $dir .FullName -DestinationPath $zipPath -Force $size = [math ]::Round((Get-Item $zipPath ).Length / 1 MB, 2 ) Write-Host "已压缩：$ ($dir .Name) => $size MB" -ForegroundColor Green }
执行结果示例：
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 已压缩 15 个日志文件 已解压到 C:\Temp\extracted-logs 已追加文件到压缩包 ZIP 内容（16 个文件）： FullName Length LastWriteTime -------- ------ ------------- app-20250711 .log 125678 2025 -07-11 23:59 :00 app-20250712 .log 234567 2025 -07-12 23:59 :00 app-20250717 .log 45678 2025 -07-17 08:30 :00 已压缩：ProjectA => 12 .35 MB 已压缩：ProjectB => 8 .72 MB 已压缩：ProjectC => 25 .18 MB
高级 ZIP 操作 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 Add-Type -AssemblyName System.IO.Compression.FileSystemfunction New-ZipFromDirectory param ( [Parameter (Mandatory )][string ]$SourcePath , [Parameter (Mandatory )][string ]$ZipPath , [string []]$ExcludePatterns = @ ("*.log" , "*.tmp" , ".git" ), [int ]$CompressionLevel = 0 ) $level = [System.IO.Compression.CompressionLevel ]::Optimal if (Test-Path $ZipPath ) { Remove-Item $ZipPath -Force } $zip = [System.IO.Compression.ZipFile ]::Open($ZipPath , 'Create' ) try { $files = Get-ChildItem $SourcePath -Recurse -File -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue | Where-Object { $file = $_ $exclude = $false foreach ($pattern in $ExcludePatterns ) { if ($file .FullName -like "*$pattern *" ) { $exclude = $true break } } -not $exclude } foreach ($file in $files ) { $relativePath = $file .FullName.Substring($SourcePath .Length).TrimStart('\' , '/' ) $entry = $zip .CreateEntry($relativePath , $level ) $writer = $entry .Open() $reader = [System.IO.File ]::OpenRead($file .FullName) $reader .CopyTo($writer ) $reader .Close() $writer .Close() } Write-Host "已创建 ZIP：$ZipPath ($ ($files .Count) 个文件)" -ForegroundColor Green } finally { $zip .Dispose() } } New-ZipFromDirectory -SourcePath "C:\MyApp" -ZipPath "C:\Releases\MyApp-v2.5.zip" ` -ExcludePatterns @ (".git" , "node_modules" , "*.log" , "*.tmp" ) function Get-ZipFileContent param ( [Parameter (Mandatory )][string ]$ZipPath , [Parameter (Mandatory )][string ]$FileName ) $zip = [System.IO.Compression.ZipFile ]::OpenRead($ZipPath ) try { $entry = $zip .Entries | Where-Object { $_ .FullName -eq $FileName -or $_ .Name -eq $FileName } if ($entry ) { $reader = [System.IO.StreamReader ]::new($entry .Open()) $content = $reader .ReadToEnd() $reader .Close() return $content } else { Write-Host "文件未找到：$FileName " -ForegroundColor Yellow return $null } } finally { $zip .Dispose() } } $config = Get-ZipFileContent -ZipPath "C:\Releases\MyApp-v2.5.zip" -FileName "appsettings.json" if ($config ) { Write-Host "配置文件内容：" -ForegroundColor Cyan Write-Host $config }
执行结果示例：
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 已创建 ZIP ：C:\Releases\MyApp-v2.5.zip (245 个文件) 配置文件内容： { "AppName" : "MyApp" , "Version" : "2.5.0" , "Port" : 8080 }
日志自动归档 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 function Archive-OldLogs param ( [string ]$LogPath = "C:\Logs" , [string ]$ArchivePath = "C:\Logs\Archive" , [int ]$ArchiveAfterDays = 30 , [int ]$DeleteAfterDays = 180 , [switch ]$WhatIf ) $archiveDate = (Get-Date ).AddDays(-$ArchiveAfterDays ) $deleteDate = (Get-Date ).AddDays(-$DeleteAfterDays ) New-Item $ArchivePath -ItemType Directory -Force | Out-Null $oldLogs = Get-ChildItem $LogPath -Filter "*.log" -File | Where-Object { $_ .LastWriteTime -lt $archiveDate } if (-not $oldLogs ) { Write-Host "没有需要归档的日志文件" -ForegroundColor Green return } Write-Host "找到 $ ($oldLogs .Count) 个需要归档的日志文件" -ForegroundColor Cyan $grouped = $oldLogs | Group-Object { $_ .LastWriteTime.ToString("yyyy-MM" ) } foreach ($group in $grouped ) { $month = $group .Name $zipFile = Join-Path $ArchivePath "logs-$month .zip" $totalSize = ($group .Group | Measure-Object Length -Sum ).Sum $sizeMB = [math ]::Round($totalSize / 1 MB, 2 ) if ($WhatIf ) { Write-Host "[WhatIf] 归档 $ ($group .Count) 个文件 ($sizeMB MB) => $zipFile " -ForegroundColor Yellow } else { if (Test-Path $zipFile ) { Compress-Archive -Path $group .Group.FullName -Update -DestinationPath $zipFile } else { Compress-Archive -Path $group .Group.FullName -DestinationPath $zipFile } Write-Host "已归档 $month ：$ ($group .Count) 个文件 ($sizeMB MB)" -ForegroundColor Green $group .Group | Remove-Item -Force } } $expiredArchives = Get-ChildItem $ArchivePath -Filter "*.zip" | Where-Object { $_ .LastWriteTime -lt $deleteDate } if ($expiredArchives ) { Write-Host "发现 $ ($expiredArchives .Count) 个过期归档（>$DeleteAfterDays 天）" -ForegroundColor Yellow foreach ($archive in $expiredArchives ) { if ($WhatIf ) { Write-Host "[WhatIf] 删除过期归档：$ ($archive .Name)" -ForegroundColor Yellow } else { Remove-Item $archive .FullName -Force Write-Host "已删除过期归档：$ ($archive .Name)" -ForegroundColor DarkGray } } } Write-Host "`n归档统计：" -ForegroundColor Cyan $archiveSize = [math ]::Round((Get-ChildItem $ArchivePath -Filter "*.zip" | Measure-Object Length -Sum ).Sum / 1 MB, 2 ) Write-Host " 归档目录大小：$archiveSize MB" Write-Host " 归档文件数：$ ((Get-ChildItem $ArchivePath -Filter '*.zip').Count)" } Archive-OldLogs -LogPath "C:\Logs" -ArchiveAfterDays 30 -DeleteAfterDays 180
执行结果示例：
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 找到 45 个需要归档的日志文件 已归档 2025-05 ：18 个文件 (156.32 MB) 已归档 2025-06 ：27 个文件 (234.56 MB) 已删除过期归档：logs-2024 -12 .zip 归档统计： 归档目录大小：890.45 MB 归档文件数：7
注意事项
路径长度 ：ZIP 格式限制路径为 260 字符（除非使用 UTF-8 编码），深目录结构可能导致问题文件锁定 ：被占用的文件无法压缩，使用 try/catch 跳过或等待压缩级别 ：Fastest 速度快但压缩率低，Optimal 反之。备份场景建议 Optimal大文件 ：Compress-Archive 处理超大文件（>2GB）时可能内存不足，使用 .NET 类的流式处理编码 ：中文文件名在 ZIP 中可能出现乱码，使用 UTF-8 编码的 ZIP 工具增量备份 ：Compress-Archive -Update 不是真正的增量备份，只是追加新文件。需要增量备份请使用专业工具