随着PowerShell Core的发展，PowerShell已经成为真正的跨平台自动化工具。本文将介绍如何编写在Windows、Linux和macOS上都能正常运行的PowerShell脚本。
检测操作系统平台
首先，让我们学习如何检测脚本运行的操作系统平台：
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| function Get-CurrentPlatform {
if ($IsWindows -or ($PSVersionTable.PSVersion.Major -lt 6 -and $env:OS -eq "Windows_NT")) {
return "Windows"
}
elseif ($IsLinux) {
return "Linux"
}
elseif ($IsMacOS) {
return "macOS"
}
else {
return "Unknown"
}
}
$platform = Get-CurrentPlatform
Write-Host "当前运行平台: $platform"
|
处理文件路径
在不同操作系统上，文件路径的格式和分隔符有所不同。使用PowerShell提供的内置方法可以解决这个问题：
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| function Get-CrossPlatformPath {
param(
[string]$Path
)
$normalizedPath = $Path
if ($IsWindows -or ($PSVersionTable.PSVersion.Major -lt 6 -and $env:OS -eq "Windows_NT")) {
if (-not $normalizedPath.Contains(':') -and $normalizedPath.StartsWith('/')) {
$normalizedPath = "C:$normalizedPath"
}
}
else {
if ($normalizedPath -match '^[A-Za-z]:') {
$normalizedPath = $normalizedPath -replace '^[A-Za-z]:', ''
$normalizedPath = $normalizedPath -replace '\\', '/'
$normalizedPath = "/$normalizedPath"
}
}
$normalizedPath = $normalizedPath -replace '[/\\]', [System.IO.Path]::DirectorySeparatorChar
return $normalizedPath
}
$path = "/temp/test.txt"
$platformPath = Get-CrossPlatformPath -Path $path
Write-Host "跨平台路径: $platformPath"
|
执行平台特定命令
有时候，我们需要根据不同的平台执行不同的命令：
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| function Invoke-PlatformCommand {
param(
[string]$WindowsCommand,
[string]$LinuxCommand,
[string]$MacOSCommand
)
$platform = Get-CurrentPlatform
switch ($platform) {
"Windows" {
Write-Host "执行Windows命令: $WindowsCommand" -ForegroundColor Cyan
Invoke-Expression -Command $WindowsCommand
}
"Linux" {
Write-Host "执行Linux命令: $LinuxCommand" -ForegroundColor Green
Invoke-Expression -Command $LinuxCommand
}
"macOS" {
Write-Host "执行macOS命令: $MacOSCommand" -ForegroundColor Magenta
Invoke-Expression -Command $MacOSCommand
}
default {
Write-Error "不支持的平台: $platform"
}
}
}
Invoke-PlatformCommand -WindowsCommand "Get-ComputerInfo | Select-Object WindowsProductName, OsVersion" `
-LinuxCommand "uname -a" `
-MacOSCommand "system_profiler SPSoftwareDataType | grep 'System Version'"
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创建跨平台服务管理函数
下面是一个管理服务的跨平台函数示例：
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| function Manage-CrossPlatformService {
param(
[Parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
[string]$ServiceName,
[Parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
[ValidateSet("Start", "Stop", "Restart", "Status")]
[string]$Action
)
$platform = Get-CurrentPlatform
switch ($platform) {
"Windows" {
switch ($Action) {
"Start" {
Start-Service -Name $ServiceName
Write-Host "已启动Windows服务 $ServiceName" -ForegroundColor Green
}
"Stop" {
Stop-Service -Name $ServiceName
Write-Host "已停止Windows服务 $ServiceName" -ForegroundColor Yellow
}
"Restart" {
Restart-Service -Name $ServiceName
Write-Host "已重启Windows服务 $ServiceName" -ForegroundColor Cyan
}
"Status" {
Get-Service -Name $ServiceName
}
}
}
"Linux" {
switch ($Action) {
"Start" {
sudo systemctl start $ServiceName
Write-Host "已启动Linux服务 $ServiceName" -ForegroundColor Green
}
"Stop" {
sudo systemctl stop $ServiceName
Write-Host "已停止Linux服务 $ServiceName" -ForegroundColor Yellow
}
"Restart" {
sudo systemctl restart $ServiceName
Write-Host "已重启Linux服务 $ServiceName" -ForegroundColor Cyan
}
"Status" {
sudo systemctl status $ServiceName
}
}
}
"macOS" {
switch ($Action) {
"Start" {
sudo launchctl load /Library/LaunchDaemons/$ServiceName.plist
Write-Host "已启动macOS服务 $ServiceName" -ForegroundColor Green
}
"Stop" {
sudo launchctl unload /Library/LaunchDaemons/$ServiceName.plist
Write-Host "已停止macOS服务 $ServiceName" -ForegroundColor Yellow
}
"Restart" {
sudo launchctl unload /Library/LaunchDaemons/$ServiceName.plist
sudo launchctl load /Library/LaunchDaemons/$ServiceName.plist
Write-Host "已重启macOS服务 $ServiceName" -ForegroundColor Cyan
}
"Status" {
sudo launchctl list | grep $ServiceName
}
}
}
default {
Write-Error "不支持的平台: $platform"
}
}
}
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创建跨平台进程管理函数
下面是一个管理进程的跨平台函数：
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| function Get-CrossPlatformProcess {
param(
[string]$Name = ""
)
$platform = Get-CurrentPlatform
switch ($platform) {
"Windows" {
if ($Name) {
Get-Process -Name $Name -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
}
else {
Get-Process
}
}
{ $_ -in "Linux", "macOS" } {
if ($Name) {
$processInfo = Invoke-Expression "ps -ef | grep $Name | grep -v grep"
if ($processInfo) {
$processInfo
}
else {
Write-Host "未找到名称包含 '$Name' 的进程。" -ForegroundColor Yellow
}
}
else {
Invoke-Expression "ps -ef"
}
}
default {
Write-Error "不支持的平台: $platform"
}
}
}
|
跨平台环境变量处理
不同操作系统的环境变量处理方式有所不同，下面是一个统一的方法：
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| function Get-CrossPlatformEnvironmentVariable {
param(
[Parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
[string]$Name
)
$platform = Get-CurrentPlatform
switch ($platform) {
"Windows" {
return [System.Environment]::GetEnvironmentVariable($Name)
}
{ $_ -in "Linux", "macOS" } {
$value = Invoke-Expression "echo `$${Name}"
return $value
}
default {
Write-Error "不支持的平台: $platform"
return $null
}
}
}
function Set-CrossPlatformEnvironmentVariable {
param(
[Parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
[string]$Name,
[Parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
[string]$Value,
[ValidateSet("Process", "User", "Machine")]
[string]$Scope = "Process"
)
$platform = Get-CurrentPlatform
switch ($platform) {
"Windows" {
[System.Environment]::SetEnvironmentVariable($Name, $Value, $Scope)
Write-Host "已设置Windows环境变量 $Name=$Value (作用域: $Scope)" -ForegroundColor Green
}
{ $_ -in "Linux", "macOS" } {
Invoke-Expression "`$env:$Name = `"$Value`""
if ($Scope -ne "Process") {
Write-Host "在Linux/macOS上永久设置环境变量，需要添加到配置文件中:" -ForegroundColor Yellow
if ($Scope -eq "User") {
Write-Host "添加 'export $Name=$Value' 到 ~/.profile 或 ~/.bash_profile" -ForegroundColor Cyan
}
elseif ($Scope -eq "Machine") {
Write-Host "添加 'export $Name=$Value' 到 /etc/profile 或 /etc/environment" -ForegroundColor Cyan
}
}
else {
Write-Host "已设置Linux/macOS环境变量 $Name=$Value (仅当前进程有效)" -ForegroundColor Green
}
}
default {
Write-Error "不支持的平台: $platform"
}
}
}
|
创建跨平台文件系统监控函数
下面是一个监控文件系统变化的跨平台函数：
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| function Start-CrossPlatformFileWatcher {
param(
[Parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
[string]$Path,
[string]$Filter = "*.*",
[switch]$IncludeSubdirectories
)
$platform = Get-CurrentPlatform
$Path = Get-CrossPlatformPath -Path $Path
$watcher = New-Object System.IO.FileSystemWatcher
$watcher.Path = $Path
$watcher.Filter = $Filter
$watcher.IncludeSubdirectories = $IncludeSubdirectories
$action = {
$event = $Event.SourceEventArgs
$name = $event.Name
$changeType = $event.ChangeType
$timestamp = Get-Date -Format "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss"
Write-Host "[$timestamp] 文件 $name 已$changeType" -ForegroundColor Green
}
$handlers = @()
$handlers += Register-ObjectEvent -InputObject $watcher -EventName Created -Action $action
$handlers += Register-ObjectEvent -InputObject $watcher -EventName Changed -Action $action
$handlers += Register-ObjectEvent -InputObject $watcher -EventName Deleted -Action $action
$handlers += Register-ObjectEvent -InputObject $watcher -EventName Renamed -Action $action
$watcher.EnableRaisingEvents = $true
Write-Host "开始监控文件夹: $Path" -ForegroundColor Cyan
Write-Host "按Ctrl+C停止监控..." -ForegroundColor Yellow
try {
while ($true) { Start-Sleep -Seconds 1 }
}
finally {
$watcher.EnableRaisingEvents = $false
$handlers | ForEach-Object { Unregister-Event -SubscriptionId $_.Id }
$watcher.Dispose()
Write-Host "已停止监控." -ForegroundColor Cyan
}
}
|
实用的跨平台脚本模板
下面是一个通用的跨平台脚本模板，您可以作为基础进行扩展：
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|
param(
[Parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
[ValidateSet("CheckSystem", "ListFiles", "GetProcesses")]
[string]$Action
)
function Get-CurrentPlatform {
if ($IsWindows -or ($PSVersionTable.PSVersion.Major -lt 6 -and $env:OS -eq "Windows_NT")) {
return "Windows"
}
elseif ($IsLinux) {
return "Linux"
}
elseif ($IsMacOS) {
return "macOS"
}
else {
return "Unknown"
}
}
function Invoke-PlatformCommand {
param(
[string]$WindowsCommand,
[string]$LinuxCommand,
[string]$MacOSCommand
)
$platform = Get-CurrentPlatform
switch ($platform) {
"Windows" {
if ($WindowsCommand) {
return Invoke-Expression -Command $WindowsCommand
}
}
"Linux" {
if ($LinuxCommand) {
return Invoke-Expression -Command $LinuxCommand
}
}
"macOS" {
if ($MacOSCommand) {
return Invoke-Expression -Command $MacOSCommand
}
}
default {
Write-Error "不支持的平台: $platform"
return $null
}
}
}
function Main {
$platform = Get-CurrentPlatform
Write-Host "当前平台: $platform" -ForegroundColor Cyan
switch ($Action) {
"CheckSystem" {
Write-Host "系统信息:" -ForegroundColor Green
switch ($platform) {
"Windows" { Get-ComputerInfo | Select-Object WindowsProductName, OsVersion, CsName }
"Linux" {
$osInfo = Invoke-Expression "cat /etc/os-release"
$hostname = Invoke-Expression "hostname"
Write-Host "主机名: $hostname"
Write-Host $osInfo
}
"macOS" {
$osInfo = Invoke-Expression "sw_vers"
$hostname = Invoke-Expression "hostname"
Write-Host "主机名: $hostname"
Write-Host $osInfo
}
}
}
"ListFiles" {
$currentDir = Get-Location
Write-Host "当前目录 ($currentDir) 的文件:" -ForegroundColor Green
Get-ChildItem | Select-Object Name, Length, LastWriteTime
}
"GetProcesses" {
Write-Host "运行中的进程:" -ForegroundColor Green
switch ($platform) {
"Windows" { Get-Process | Sort-Object -Property CPU -Descending | Select-Object -First 10 Name, CPU, WorkingSet }
{ $_ -in "Linux", "macOS" } {
Invoke-Expression "ps -eo pid,ppid,cmd,%cpu,%mem --sort=-%cpu | head -11"
}
}
}
}
}
Main
|
最佳实践总结
- 始终检测平台：使用
$IsWindows、$IsLinux和$IsMacOS变量确定当前平台。
- 使用内置路径处理：利用
Join-Path、Split-Path和[System.IO.Path]类处理跨平台路径。
- 避免硬编码路径分隔符：使用
[System.IO.Path]::DirectorySeparatorChar代替硬编码的\或/。
- 利用条件逻辑：为不同平台编写特定的代码分支。
- 使用.NET Core的跨平台API：尽可能使用.NET Core提供的跨平台API而不是平台特定命令。
- 测试、测试再测试：在所有目标平台上测试您的脚本。
通过遵循这些技巧和最佳实践，您可以编写出在所有主要操作系统上都能无缝运行的PowerShell脚本，充分发挥PowerShell跨平台能力的优势。
